Provision, Laws, and Covenant at Mount Sinai (Exodus 15-24)

Today, we’re diving into chapters 15 to 24—an incredible part of Israel’s journey where God not only provides for His people but also establishes His covenant with them at Mount Sinai. This section is filled with miracles, laws, and powerful moments that shape the identity of Israel as God’s chosen nation. Let’s break it down!

Bitter Water Made Sweet

The Waters of Marah

Right after the miraculous crossing of the Red Sea, the Israelites enter the Desert of Shur. For three days, they march without finding water. Finally, they arrive at Marah, but the water there is bitter and undrinkable. Frustrated and thirsty, the people complain to Moses.

God’s Provision

Moses cries out to God, and the Lord shows him a piece of wood. When Moses throws it into the water, the bitterness disappears, and the water becomes sweet. God uses this moment to remind Israel that obedience to Him brings healing and provision.

The Oasis at Elim

Shortly after, they reach Elim—a lush oasis with twelve springs and seventy palm trees. It’s a beautiful picture of God’s abundant provision after a time of trial.

Manna and Quail: Bread from Heaven

Grumbling for Food

A month into their journey, the Israelites grumble again—this time about food. They reminisce about the “good old days” in Egypt, forgetting the slavery that came with it.

God Provides Manna and Quail

God responds with grace. He promises to “rain down bread from heaven.” The next morning, the ground is covered with flaky manna, which tastes like honey wafers. In the evening, quail cover the camp, providing meat for the people.

Daily Dependence on God

God instructs the Israelites to gather just enough manna for each day—except on the sixth day, when they gather twice as much for the Sabbath. This teaches them to rely on God daily and to rest in His provision.

Water from the Rock and Battle with Amalek

Thirst at Rephidim

When the Israelites arrive at Rephidim, they once again find no water. The people quarrel with Moses, doubting whether God is still with them.

Water from the Rock

God tells Moses to strike a rock at Horeb with his staff. Water gushes out, satisfying the entire nation.

Victory Over the Amalekites

Soon after, the Amalekites attack. While Joshua leads the fight, Moses stands on a hill holding the staff of God. As long as Moses’ hands are raised, Israel prevails. Aaron and Hur step in, holding Moses’ arms up until the battle is won.

Jethro’s Visit: Leadership Lessons

Wise Counsel from Jethro

Moses’ father-in-law, Jethro, visits the camp, bringing Moses’ wife and children. Jethro notices Moses spending entire days resolving disputes. He advises Moses to delegate, appointing capable men to lead smaller groups and handle minor issues.

Moses follows Jethro’s advice, creating a system that not only lightens his load but also strengthens the community’s leadership structure.

Covenant at Mount Sinai

Meeting God at Mount Sinai

Three months after leaving Egypt, the Israelites arrive at Mount Sinai. God calls Moses up the mountain, establishing that Israel will be His “kingdom of priests and a holy nation.

Preparing to Meet God

God instructs the people to consecrate themselves, wash their clothes, and prepare for His arrival. On the third day, God descends on the mountain in fire and smoke, accompanied by thunder, lightning, and a loud trumpet blast.

The Ten Commandments

From the mountain, God gives the Israelites the Ten Commandments. These laws cover their relationship with God (no other gods, honor the Sabbath) and with each other (don’t steal, murder, or covet). This forms the foundation of Israel’s covenant relationship with God.

Additional Laws: Building a Just Society

Laws of Justice and Mercy

God provides further instructions on topics like property, personal injuries, and social justice. These laws aim to create a fair and compassionate society—reflecting God’s heart for justice and mercy.

Sabbath and Festivals

God also emphasizes rest through the Sabbath and outlines festivals that will remind Israel of His faithfulness.

Confirming the Covenant

Israel’s Commitment

Moses writes down all God’s words and builds an altar with twelve stone pillars. Young men offer sacrifices, and Moses sprinkles the blood on the people, sealing the covenant.

The Covenant Meal

Moses, Aaron, and seventy elders ascend partway up the mountain, where they see God and eat and drink in His presence—a rare and sacred moment.

Moses Returns to the Mountain

God calls Moses to ascend the mountain once more, this time staying for forty days and nights to receive the stone tablets and more detailed instructions for Israel’s future.

Key Takeaways for Today

• God Provides, Even When We Complain – The Israelites grumbled repeatedly, but God remained faithful. He provides even when our faith wavers.
• Rely on God Daily – Manna was a daily provision, teaching dependence on God. Trust Him for your daily needs.
• Victory Requires Support – Moses needed Aaron and Hur to hold his arms up. Don’t be afraid to lean on others in times of need.
• Holiness Matters – God’s covenant at Sinai reminds us that we are called to live differently, reflecting His character in how we treat others.